What makes student learn?

I found this video on YouTube. It is from a channel that discusses PER and has lots of great content. The video it self addresses some aspects of what students need to do to learn. It also clearly identifies some of the trade off that happen with learning. When students are passive recipients of information they tend to rate the experience highly saying it was "clear" and "concise" but the learning is minimal, and additionally students become more sure of their incorrect ideas. When presented with a video that first discusses some "misconceptions" before resolving a cognitive conflict, the students dislike the experience, and claim that it too more mental effort to understand the video. But they do much better in terms of content acquisition.